Breathing Air Pollutants During Pregnancy Can Damage Child's Brain

Researchers at the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health (CCCEH) at the Mailman School of Public Health and colleagues at the University of Southern California have found a powerful relationship between prenatal exposure to air pollutants known as PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and changes in the child’s brain structure and cognitive and behavioral problems. Results appear in the journal JAMA Psychiatry.

PAH are ubiquitous in the environment from emissions from motor vehicles, oil and coal burning for home heating and power generation, tobacco smoke, and other combustion sources. (More on PAH and ways to limit exposure can be found on the CCCEH website.)

The study was conducted in a subset of CCCEH’s ongoing urban birth cohort study in New York City which is following over 600 mothers and children from pregnancy into the children’s adolescent years. For a period during pregnancy, the mothers, all nonsmokers, carried personal backpacks containing filters which provided researchers with a sample of the air that the mothers were breathing. The filters were then analyzed for levels of PAH. The Columbia researchers, led by Frederica Perera, PhD, DrPH, director of CCCEH, with Virginia Rauh, ScD, and colleagues previously reported that prenatal exposure to airborne PAH during gestation was associated with development delay by age 3, reduced verbal IQ at age 5, and symptoms of anxiety and depression at age 7.

At 7 to 9 years of age, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans and behavioral and cognitive tests were completed in 40 children from the cohort, under the direction of Bradley Peterson, MD, and Dr. Rauh. “This is the largest MRI study to date of how air pollutants, specifically PAH, affect the developing mind; our findings suggest that PAH are contributors to ADHD and other behavioral problems due to the pollutants’ disruptive effects on early brain development,” says Dr. Peterson, formerly at Columbia and now director of the Institute for the Developing Mind at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles as well as professor of Pediatrics and Psychiatry at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.

The researchers documented reductions in nearly the entire white matter surface of the brain’s left hemisphere in children exposed to high levels of PAH—loss they found to be associated with slower processing of information during intelligence testing and more severe behavioral problems, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and aggression, in a dose-response fashion. Postnatal PAH exposure—measured at age 5—was found to contribute to additional disturbances in development of white matter in the dorsal prefrontal region of the brain, which is associated with concentration, reasoning, judgment, and problem-solving ability.

Peterson explained that the morphological features associated with ADHD symptoms in this community sample differed from those previously reported in youth with the disorder, suggesting that exposure to high levels of PAH may produce a specific subtype of ADHD.

“Taken together with prior research by ourselves and others, these findings on the impact on brain development of prenatal exposure to these ubiquitous air pollutants have important implications for public health and prevention,” says Dr. Perera.

“MRI analysis is being completed on the entire cohort at ages 8-12 to confirm these results,” says Dr. Rauh, professor of Population and Family Health at the Mailman School. “The potentially irreversible nature of the damage lends some urgency to the findings.”

Authors of the paper are Bradley S. Peterson, Ravi Bansal, and Giancarlo Nati from the University of Southern California; and Virginia A. Rauh, Zachary Toth, Kirwan Walsh, Rachel Miller, David Semanek, and Frederica Perera from Columbia University Medical Center.

This study was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grants 5P01ES09600, P50ES015905, 5R01ES08977). This publication was also made possible by a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (grants R827027, RD832141, RD834509, 8260901, RD832096, and RR00645), and grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH068318 and K02-74677).

About Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health

Founded in 1922, Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health pursues an agenda of research, education, and service to address the critical and complex public health issues affecting New Yorkers, the nation and the world. The Mailman School is the third largest recipient of NIH grants among schools of public health. Its over 450 multi-disciplinary faculty members work in more than 100 countries around the world, addressing such issues as preventing infectious and chronic diseases, environmental health, maternal and child health, health policy, climate change & health, and public health preparedness. It is a leader in public health education with over 1,300 graduate students from more than 40 nations pursuing a variety of master’s and doctoral degree programs. The Mailman School is also home to numerous world-renowned research centers including ICAP (formerly the International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs) and the Center for Infection and Immunity. For more information, please visit www.mailman.columbia.edu.