Is Vaping New Gateway Into Further Substance Use?

A study by researchers at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health of more than 50,000 U.S. adolescents indicates that vaping nicotine is strongly linked with an increased likelihood of high levels of binge drinking and cannabis usage. The findings add to growing public health concerns about the increased popularity of electronic cigarette use—or “vaping”—among young people. The results are published in the peer-reviewed journal Substance Use and Misuse.

“While the overall health risks of vaping are lower than smoking, electronic cigarettes are still harmful to adolescents and warrant ongoing surveillance – especially as the long-term impacts remain unknown,” says lead author Noah Kreski in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia Mailman School. “Our results indicate that vaping is not an isolated behavior, but rather strongly tied to other substance use that can harm adolescents and make quitting nicotine more difficult. Recognizing the strong overlap between various forms of substance use, effective intervention efforts should work to simultaneously address vaping, drinking and cannabis use to encourage the health and well-being of young people.”

The researchers used the Monitoring the Future survey—conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)—to track trends in the use of cigarettes, alcohol, cannabis, vaping of both nicotine and cannabis, and other substances for children in school grades 8 (13-14 years old), 10 (15-16 years old) and 12 (17–18 years old).

The team examined data from 51,872 adolescents who took part in the survey between 2017 and 2019. They assessed the links between past 30-day nicotine use (non, smoking-only, vaping-only, and any smoking plus vaping) with past 30-day cannabis use—making adjustments to account for certain demographic factors, such as age, sex, race, parental education and urbanicity of the participants.

Looking at nicotine use and cannabis use—in any form, including vaping—they found that, compared to those who did not use nicotine at all, adolescents who:

• Smoked were 8.03 times more likely to use cannabis.

• Vaped were 20.31 times more likely to use cannabis.

• Both smoked and vaped were 40.1 times more likely to use cannabis.

The researchers also found a link between past 30-day nicotine use and two-week binge drinking, even after adjustment. The association between smoking and vaping and binge drinking increased in magnitude at greater levels of binge drinking. For instance, compared to those who did not use nicotine at all, adolescents who both smoked and vaped were:

• 5.6 times more likely to have participated in binge drinking on one occasion.

• 21.60 times more likely to participated in binge drinking on three to five occasions.

• 36.53 times more likely to have participated in binge drinking on ten occasions or more.

“The links between vaping-only, or both smoking and vaping, and cannabis use and binge drinking outcomes in adolescents are particularly striking – especially at the highest levels of binge drinking. While the causal direction of these associations is unclear, the size of the effect is concerning given the harms these substances pose to adolescents,” adds Kreski, who is a data analyst at Columbia.

“Given the strong links between nicotine use and both cannabis use and binge drinking, there is a need for sustained interventions, advertising and promotion restrictions, and national public education efforts to reduce vaping in adolescents – efforts that acknowledge co-occurring substance use.”

Co-authors include Hadley Ankrume, Yale School of Public Health; Magdalena Cerdá, New York University School of Medicine; Qixuan Chenc, Deborah Hasin, Silvia Martins, Mark Olfson, and Katherine Keyes, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health.

The study was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants DA048853, DA037866, and DA048860.