Childhood Adversities Linked to Contact With Justice System

A new paper by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health researchers reports a strong association between a high number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and contact with the U.S. criminal justice system. Analyzing data from 11 studies, they found that results were consistent across multiple types of justice system contact and across diverse geographic regions of the country. The findings are published in Pediatrics.

“We found consistent evidence that higher ACE scores are associated with greater risks of juvenile justice system contact in the United States,” said Gloria Graf, a doctoral student in epidemiology at Columbia Mailman School, and first author.

ACEs are a set of childhood adversities, including household dysfunction, various forms of abuse and neglect, peer victimization, and exposure to community violence occurring before the age of 18.

The researchers reviewed five databases for all observational studies conducted through January 2020 that assessed associations between ACE score and justice system contact. Databases included PubMed, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

A total of 11 studies were selected for inclusion in the final review based on their relevance. In 10 of 11 studies, the researchers found elevated scores were associated with increased risk of connection with the juvenile justice system.

For the 11 studies three reported juvenile arrest as their primary outcome of interest, two examined sexual offending; two examined juvenile re-offending; and one each examined serious, violent, and chronic delinquency as a juvenile, early juvenile offending, juvenile gang involvement, early adulthood felony charge, and adult incarceration.

“Over the past two decades, ACEs have emerged as an important risk factor for a broad range of health problems across the lifespan. Justice system contact appears to be a major pathway underlying the profound impact of ACEs on health outcomes and health disparities,” said Guohua Li, MD, DrPH, Columbia Mailman School professor of epidemiology, and senior author.

Of particular interest to public health is the relationship between childhood trauma and justice system involvement given the wide-ranging individual and community impacts of incarceration and policing. At the community level, incarceration destabilizes family structures and hampers employment and economic opportunity, political participation, and neighborhood cohesion. Graf and Li make the point that given the concentration of childhood trauma and justice system involvement in disadvantaged communities, evidence regarding the association of ACEs with justice system contact is potentially helpful for policymakers, those working with justice-involved persons, and the public health practitioners alike.

“There is no question that research examining longer-term outcomes of ACEs is needed” noted Graf. “Life-course epidemiology is well-suited for understanding ACE-related adverse health consequences in adulthood and later life.”

The research was supported in part by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant CE002096) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD098522). 

Co-authors are Stanford Chihuri, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, and Melanie Blow, Stop Abuse Campaign.